cajuputi include “swamp tea tree” and “paperbark tea tree,” while those for M. In Australia, “tea trees” are also known as “paperbark trees,” and collectively these terms may refer to species in the Melaleuca or Leptospermum genera, of which there are several hundred. The use of common plant names further confounds the issue. However, the term has been adopted by the Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration as the official name for TTO. Even the term “melaleuca oil” is potentially ambiguous, since several chemically distinct oils are distilled from other Melaleuca species, such as cajuput oil (also cajeput or cajaput) from M. It is known by a number of synonyms, including “melaleuca oil” and “ti tree oil,” the latter being a Maori and Samoan common name for plants in the genus Cordyline ( 155). The provenance of TTO is not always clear from its common name or those of its sources. Light, heat, exposure to air, and moisture all affect oil stability, and TTO should be stored in dark, cool, dry conditions, preferably in a vessel that contains little air. The composition of TTO may change considerably during storage, with ρ-cymene levels increasing and α- and γ-terpinene levels declining ( 25). Although minimization of 1,8-cineole content on the basis of reducing adverse reactions is not warranted, it remains an important consideration since 1,8-cineole levels are usually inversely proportional to the levels of terpinen-4-ol ( 25), one of the main antimicrobial components of TTO ( 36, 48, 71, 126). Recent data, as discussed later in this review, do not indicate that 1,8-cineole is an irritant. This reputation was based on historical anecdotal evidence and uncorroborated statements ( 20, 55, 98, 126, 153, 156- 158), and repetition of this suggestion appears to have consolidated the myth.
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For many years cineole was erroneously considered to be a skin and mucous membrane irritant, fuelling efforts to minimize its level in TTO. Conversely, an upper limit of 15% and no lower limit were set for 1,8-cineole, although the rationale for this may not have been entirely sound. Consequently, to optimize antimicrobial activity, a lower limit of 30% and no upper limit were set for terpinen-4-ol content. With biological activity, the antimicrobial activity of TTO is attributed mainly to terpinen-4-ol, a major component of the oil. For example, with provenance, the inclusion of the minor components sabinene, globulol, and viridiflorol is potentially helpful, since it may render the formulation of artificial oil from individual components difficult or economically untenable.
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The components specified by the international standard were selected for a variety of reasons, including provenance verification and biological activity. alternifolia clone possesses enhanced microbicidal activity has been made ( 106), but the evidence is not compelling. The suggestion that oil from a particular M. Despite the inherent variability of commercial TTO, no obvious differences in its bioactivity either in vitro or in vivo have been noted so far.
The terpinen-4-ol chemotype typically contains levels of terpinen-4-ol of between 30 to 40% ( 83) and is the chemotype used in commercial TTO production. These include a terpinen-4-ol chemotype, a terpinolene chemotype, and four 1,8-cineole chemotypes ( 83). alternifolia have been described, each producing oil with a distinct chemical composition. Instead, it sets out physical and chemical criteria for the desired chemotype. Notably, the standard does not stipulate the species of Melaleuca from which the TTO must be sourced. Given the scope for batch-to-batch variation, it is fortunate that the composition of oil sold as TTO is regulated by an international standard for “Oil of Melaleuca-terpinen-4-ol type,” which sets maxima and/or minima for 14 components of the oil ( 89) (Table (Table1). B K ow, octanol-water partition coefficient, from reference 62.
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